Python

Python does not offer true OOP encapsulation because it follows a philosophy of trust and flexibility over strict access control, using naming conventions and name mangling instead of enforced private attributes. True OOP encapsulation completely hides internal implementation details and prevents external access to private members, while Python’s approach allows access to any attribute if […]

The __slots__ attribute in Python is a class-level attribute that explicitly declares which instance attributes a class can have, replacing the default dictionary-based storage with a more memory-efficient fixed structure. Memory optimization with __slots__ reduces memory usage by 20-50% and improves attribute access speed by preventing the creation of __dict__ for each instance and restricting

Operator overloading in Python is the ability to give custom behavior to built-in operators like +, -, *, and == when used with your own classes. Magic methods (also called dunder methods) are special methods that start and end with double underscores like __add__, __eq__, and __str__ that Python automatically calls when you use operators

Custom descriptors are Python objects that control how attributes are accessed, set, or deleted on other objects. The __set_name__ method is a special hook introduced in Python 3.6 that automatically tells descriptors their name and owner class when the class is created. This eliminates the need for manual name passing or complex metaclass solutions. If

Property decorators in Python allow you to combine the elegance of dot notation with the power of validation and control. Properties let you access methods like attributes while maintaining control over how data is accessed, set, and validated, giving you both the simplicity of direct attribute access and the safety of explicit getter and setter

Class methods, static methods, and property decorators are three powerful Python features that control how methods behave in classes. Class methods work with the class itself rather than instances, static methods are independent utility functions within a class, and property decorators turn methods into attributes that can validate and control access to data. These decorators

Multiple Inheritance in Python is when a class inherits from more than one parent class, allowing it to access methods and attributes from all parent classes. Method Resolution Order (MRO) is the system that determines which method gets called when a class inherits from multiple parent classes that have the same method name. If you’ve

Abstract Base Classes in Python are classes that cannot be instantiated directly and serve as blueprints for other classes. They define a common interface that subclasses must implement, ensuring consistency across your codebase. The abc module provides the tools to create these abstract classes using decorators like @abstractmethod. If you’ve ever wanted to enforce that

Inheritance means creating new classes based on existing ones, where the new class automatically gets all the methods and attributes from the parent class. Composition means building classes by combining other objects, where you create instances of other classes and use them as components inside your class. If you’ve been writing Python classes, you’ve probably